Scientists discovered in the ocean live electric cable

This bacteria, connected in the finest long filaments that are very similar in structure to a bunch of wires in the winding insulation.
Danish scientists, three years ago found a mysterious electrical currents in the ocean, determined their source and surprised his discoveries. As it turned out, the seabed literally enmeshed live electric wire - are bacteria that are connected in the finest long filaments that are very similar in structure to a bunch of wires in the winding insulation, writes The Daily Mail.
On the ability of microorganisms to use the current has long been known, the present is surprising discovery that these circuits are not made up of different bacteria, as suggested by the researchers. This thread unicellular one family, who live as one entity and the current drive on it, passing it on a huge, compared to their own size, distance.
Results of their study, researchers from the University of Aarhus in Denmark, presented in the journal Nature. They concluded that "Cable bacteria" are a family of Desulfobulbaceae most numerous species of microbes - Proteobacteria. Reaching one centimeter in length, is one such thread has a thickness of one hundred times smaller than a human hair.
In an area of ​​one square meter can operate tens of thousands of such threads. These single-celled prefer to live "in conjunction" with the brothers because individually would be at a disadvantage and could not get the necessary energy for life by the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide accumulates in layers of sediment.
Some live in more oxygenated areas, but can not get to hydrogen sulfide. Others living in these deeper layers, however, have access to hydrogen sulfide, but lack of oxygen. Thus, bacteria together in electric chain, to provide for themselves in abundance all necessary.
Cubic centimeter of sediment can contain up to a kilometer-made "cable" of bacterial colonies, scientists have found. And the colony monopolizes oxidation, preventing other microorganisms use their "resources."
Head of Danish researchers, microbiologist-Risgard Nils Petersen believes that the discovery could be useful in the development of technologies, including in the field of medicine. For example, you could create a device that, using the possibilities of living power, "clean" to the infected area of ​​the body.
Danish colleague, Professor Gemma Reguera of Michigan State University in the U.S., commenting on the study, said that several years ago the assumption that bacteria can function as power cables to transmit electric current to a distance of a centimeter, would be met with skepticism. However, researchers have presented convincing evidence and clarified, as in marine sediments occur interlayer geochemical reactions.
According to an American microbiologist, opening the Danes further enhances the importance of the role played by bacteria in the global geochemical processes and functioning of ecosystems

Biocenosis

All organisms living on the planet, form communities. Animals and microbes, plants and fungi are part of a community, if you take the same area of ​​land or water environment and have something to do with the place of residence, and with each other. In science, there is a joint called "biocenosis".
Biocenoses divided into phytocenoses Zoocenosis, mikotsenozy and microbial.
Phytocoenosis - community of plants, bringing together all the trees, shrubs and herbs that grow in the same place.
Zoocenosis - the community, which includes large and small animals, day and night, predators and their prey when they feed, have families and raise calves within the same territory.
Mikotsenoz - community of fungi.
Microbial - a community of microorganisms.
The release of these groups recognized conditional. Because in reality there is no association of animals, plants or microorganisms that are independent of other groups. Similarly, there is no existence apart from the living body of his internal organs.
Thus, the forest - is a complex in structure and species composition of the system, which includes trees and fungi, insects, birds, animals and groundwater organisms. Some species are concentrated in the underground level, the other - in the aerial environment in the undergrowth, and some on the top floor, the fourth - the air. Representatives of united with our peers at some single site, forming micro groups - spots. This may be the same plants growing together, or a group of animals who have settled in a limited space. So manifest horizontal patchiness biocenosis.
The vertical and horizontal edges can be sharp, and blurred when one group is moving or occasionally mixed with another group. After all, species interactions within ecological community - the basis of its existence. Some species of living organisms affect the conditions of life and reproduction of others, serve them food, or use them to create their works - nests, burrows, etc.
Therefore, any biocenosis is in constant motion and change. But human intervention leads to more conversion of natural systems. Destroyed or altered some community and create another - artificial: farmland, pasture and windbreaks, reservoirs and marshes drained. Often artificial biocenosis can not exist without human care and remaining without care and attention, it degrades and disintegrates

The Butterfly Effect

Connectedness past happening right now and things to come at all times, caused a lot of issues and disputes, which by the details and little-studied time-space did not lead to any more or less understood by the broad mass of people result. One of the examples demonstrate the existence of links between the events described by the term "butterfly effect."
What is the essence of this effect? The fact that, in its original sense of the term refers to a closed chaotic systems are developing, for example, to a system of interaction of living organisms (mostly referred to as a term now in the context of different biological treatises), which means the possibility of unintended consequences from the slightest impact on these systems. Once the term a bit "left to the people", it was announced in the story of Ray Bradbury's "A Sound of Thunder" and became known to the public, and the idea quickly found an echo in public life.
The fact is that, despite some romantizirovannost this phenomenon, it accurately reflects the cause-and-effect relationships that are characteristic of many phenomena in our lives. Meaning of the relation of minimal impact or a minor event and what happened behind the phenomenon is not always possible to discern a conglomeration of various other links, but if you wish you can almost always find the relationship between the events, the seemingly unconnected.
The topic many times revealed in various literary works in recent years, as well as, of course, in movies, the number of which is large for listing them in this article. They all boil down to the fact that his action on each one should think, and this is not unreasonable - even artistic exaggeration, the situation shown in these films often have real-life prototypes.
Definitely modern world has all the features of the system is prone to unexpected responses to the slightest impact. A series of events with people and objects in our world, always has consequences, but not every act of our cause natural disasters and man-made disasters. However, the very concept behind the butterfly effect, on closer acquaintance can change your life for the better

A new study of the brain will have a new look on the process of development

Scientists from the University of Manchester, working with American colleagues failed to prove that the brain can develop independently of each other. Based on the results of their research, the biologist hopes that the work presented to them, the idea of ​​the brain has changed significantly.
Unique experiment lasted about 15 years. Its purpose was to identify loci that are responsible for the size of the brain. In addition, another important task of the experiment was to identify the different parts of the brain to show the reaction to an external stimulus in different ways. It should be noted that similar studies have been carried out earlier. But this time, the team conducted the study of brain activity within the same species.
The experiment was analyzed by the brain for more than 10 thousand mice. Each part of the brain scientists measured separately. In addition to conduct a full scan of the genome in order to determine a set of genes for each part of the brain.
The study authors compared the beginning of the parts of the brain and ending changes in the genetic material. Then they discovered that all the changes are in close relation to the specific genes that are responsible for the functionality of a particular part of the brain.
In addition, we compared the overall size of the brain of each mouse. Quite unexpectedly been found very little correlation between the parts of the brain and its overall size.
The studies found evidence that brain size is controlled by independent gene that is similar to a gene that controls body size.
After a detailed analysis of the results, the researchers concluded that the overall size of the brain is not in depending on body size.
Now, biologists plan to conduct research that will help identify the specific genes responsible for the change in the size of different parts of the brain.